The Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE) defined by IEEE C37.111 and IEC 60255-24 is a file format most commonly produced by protective relays and digital fault recorders, though…
Analyzing Waveforms White Papers
Power quality white papers on Analyzing Waveforms.
55 white papers in Analyzing Waveforms
Analyzing Motor Startups with the Bolt
Induction motors are ever popular in today’s world and can be found in most areas of life — industrial, agricultural, and even residential settings. These motors can have high inrush…
Understanding Voltage Stability vs. Voltage Regulation
Voltage stability and voltage regulation are commonly confused concepts, particularly in the context of customer voltage complaints and power quality investigations. These two phenomena differ significantly in both cause and…
Introduction to Ferroresonance
Ferroresonance is a nonlinear electrical phenomenon that can damage transformers, surge arresters, cable insulation, and switchgear — and create dangerous backfeed voltages on conductors that should be de-energized. Although relatively…
Grid Readiness for Data Centers
Global cumulative investment in data centers between 2026 and 2030 is projected to reach $3 trillion. This explosive growth is straining electric grids worldwide. This white paper summarizes the IEEE…
Recognizing Transformer Energization in Power Quality Data
Transformer energization events occur frequently in electrical distribution systems and often appear in power quality recordings. These events can produce large transient currents and waveform distortions that may initially resemble…
Power Theory in Multiphase Distorted Systems
Introduction “Geometric Foundations of Power Theory for Multiphase AC systems in the Frequency Domain” is a great research article written by Francisco Montoya and others and it clearly explains a…
Datacenter Power IV
High-speed protective devices in modern datacenters, such as low-voltage circuit breakers with electronic trip units (ETUs) offering instantaneous or short-time protection, are documented to operate in cases where standard Power…
Power Analysis with Distorted Waveforms
Many power quality engineers are familiar with the concepts related to the power triangle such as real power, reactive power, apparent power and power factor. The construction of the power…
Analysis of Capacitor Bank Operation in Waveform Files
Electric utilities use capacitor banks to control power factor and regulate voltage on distribution systems. This paper describes a three-part method to recognize capacitor bank switch events within a power…
Phasor Decomposition via Symmetrical Components in Three Phase Systems
Introduction When three phase systems are perfectly balanced sinusoidal waveforms, where the B and C phases are exact replicas of the A phase sine wave, but delayed by 120 and…
Record, Diagnose and Troubleshoot Oscillatory Transients
Oscillatory transients are caused by switching operations, nearby lightning strikes, or other impulsive noise exciting electrical resonances present on the network. The most common in the distribution system is defined…